I.9.1 Components and assemblies
I.9.2 Accessing metadata
- I.9.2.1 Metadata tokens
- I.9.2.2 Member signatures in metadata
I.9.3 Unmanaged code
I.9.4 Method implementation metadata
I.9.5 Class layout
I.9.6 Assemblies: name scopes for types
I.9.7 Metadata extensibility
I.9.8 Globals, imports, and exports
I.9.9 Scoped statics

I.10 Name and type rules for the Common Language Specification

I.10.1 Identifiers
I.10.2 Overloading
I.10.3 Operator overloading
I.10.5 Exceptions
I.10.6 Custom attributes
I.10.7 Generic types and methods

I.11 Collected Common Language Specification rules

I.12 Virtual Execution System

I.12.1 Supported data types
I.12.2 Module information
I.12.3 Machine state
- I.12.3.1 The global state
- I.12.3.2 Method state
I.12.4 Control flow
- I.12.4.1 Method calls
- I.12.4.2 Exception handling
I.12.5 Proxies and remoting
I.12.6 Memory model and optimizations

Partition II: Metadata Definition and Semantics

II.1 Introduction

II.2 Overview

II.3 Validation and verification

II.4 Introductory examples

II.4.1 "Hello world!"
II.4.2 Other examples

II.5 General syntax

II.5.1 General syntax notation
II.5.2 Basic syntax categories
II.5.3 Identifiers
II.5.4 Labels and lists of labels
II.5.5 Lists of hex bytes
II.5.6 Floating-point numbers
II.5.7 Source line information
II.5.8 File names
II.5.9 Attributes and metadata
II.5.10 ilasm source files

II.6 Assemblies, manifests and modules

II.6.1 Overview of modules, assemblies, and files
II.6.2 Defining an assembly
II.6.3 Referencing assemblies
II.6.4 Declaring modules
II.6.5 Referencing modules
II.6.6 Declarations inside a module or assembly
II.6.7 Exported type definitions
II.6.8 Type forwarders

II.7 Types and signatures

II.7.1 Types
- II.7.1.1 modreq and modopt
- II.7.1.2 pinned
II.7.2 Built-in types
II.7.3 References to user-defined types (TypeReference)
II.7.4 Native data types

II.8 Visibility, accessibility and hiding

II.8.1 Visibility of top-level types and accessibility of nested types
II.8.2 Accessibility
II.8.3 Hiding

II.9 Generics

II.9.1 Generic type definitions
II.9.2 Generics and recursive inheritance graphs
II.9.3 Generic method definitions
II.9.4 Instantiating generic types
II.9.5 Generics variance
II.9.6 Assignment compatibility of instantiated types
II.9.7 Validity of member signatures
II.9.8 Signatures and binding
II.9.9 Inheritance and overriding
II.9.10 Explicit method overrides
II.9.11 Constraints on generic parameters
II.9.12 References to members of generic types

II.10 Defining types

II.10.1 Type header (ClassHeader)
II.10.2 Body of a type definition
II.10.3 Introducing and overriding virtual methods
II.10.4 Method implementation requirements
II.10.5 Special members
II.10.6 Nested types
II.10.7 Controlling instance layout
II.10.8 Global fields and methods

II.11 Semantics of classes

II.12 Semantics of interfaces

II.12.1 Implementing interfaces
II.12.2 Implementing virtual methods on interfaces
- II.12.2.1 Interface Implementation Examples

II.13 Semantics of value types

II.13.1 Referencing value types
II.13.2 Initializing value types
II.13.3 Methods of value types

II.14 Semantics of special types

II.14.1 Vectors
II.14.2 Arrays
II.14.3 Enums
II.14.4 Pointer types
- II.14.4.1 Unmanaged pointers
- II.14.4.2 Managed pointers
II.14.5 Method pointers
II.14.6 Delegates

II.15 Defining, referencing, and calling methods

II.15.1 Method descriptors
II.15.2 Static, instance, and virtual methods
II.15.3 Calling convention
II.15.4 Defining methods
II.15.5 Unmanaged methods

II.16 Defining and referencing fields

II.16.1 Attributes of fields
II.16.2 Field init metadata
II.16.3 Embedding data in a PE file
- II.16.3.1 Data declaration
- II.16.3.2 Accessing data from the PE file
II.16.4 Initialization of non-literal static data
- II.16.4.1 Data known at link time
II.16.5 Data known at load time
- II.16.5.1 Data known at run time

II.17 Defining properties

II.18 Defining events

II.19 Exception handling

II.19.1 Protected blocks
II.19.2 Handler blocks
II.19.3 Catch blocks
II.19.4 Filter blocks
II.19.5 Finally blocks
II.19.6 Fault handlers

II.20 Declarative security

II.21 Custom attributes

II.21.1 CLS conventions: custom attribute usage
II.21.2 Attributes used by the CLI

II.22 Metadata logical format: tables

II.22.1 Metadata validation rules
II.22.2 Assembly: 0x20
II.22.3 AssemblyOS: 0x22
II.22.4 AssemblyProcessor: 0x21
II.22.5 AssemblyRef: 0x23
II.22.6 AssemblyRefOS: 0x25
II.22.7 AssemblyRefProcessor: 0x24
II.22.8 ClassLayout: 0x0F
II.22.9 Constant: 0x0B
II.22.10 CustomAttribute: 0x0C
II.22.11 DeclSecurity: 0x0E
II.22.12 EventMap: 0x12
II.22.13 Event: 0x14
II.22.14 ExportedType: 0x27
II.22.15 Field: 0x04
II.22.16 FieldLayout: 0x10
II.22.17 FieldMarshal: 0x0D
II.22.18 FieldRVA: 0x1D
II.22.19 File: 0x26
II.22.20 GenericParam: 0x2A
II.22.21 GenericParamConstraint: 0x2C
II.22.22 ImplMap: 0x1C
II.22.23 InterfaceImpl: 0x09
II.22.24 ManifestResource: 0x28
II.22.25 MemberRef: 0x0A
II.22.26 MethodDef: 0x06
II.22.27 MethodImpl: 0x19
II.22.28 MethodSemantics: 0x18
II.22.29 MethodSpec: 0x2B
II.22.30 Module: 0x00
II.22.31 ModuleRef: 0x1A
II.22.32 NestedClass: 0x29
II.22.33 Param: 0x08
II.22.34 Property: 0x17
II.22.35 PropertyMap: 0x15
II.22.36 StandAloneSig: 0x11
II.22.37 TypeDef: 0x02
II.22.38 TypeRef: 0x01
II.22.39 TypeSpec: 0x1B

II.23 Metadata logical format: other structures

II.23.1 Bitmasks and flags
II.23.2 Blobs and signatures
II.23.3 Custom attributes
II.23.4 Marshalling descriptors

II.24 Metadata physical layout

II.24.1 Fixed fields
II.24.2 File headers

II.25 File format extensions to PE

II.25.1 Structure of the runtime file format
II.25.2 PE headers
II.25.3 Section headers
II.25.4 Common Intermediate Language physical layout

Partition III: CIL Instruction Set

III.1 Introduction

III.1.1 Data types
III.1.2 Instruction variant table
- III.1.2.1 Opcode encodings
III.1.3 Stack transition diagram
III.1.4 English description
III.1.5 Operand type table
III.1.6 Implicit argument coercion
III.1.7 Restrictions on CIL code sequences
III.1.8 Verifiability and correctness
- III.1.8.1 Flow control restrictions for verifiable CIL
III.1.9 Metadata tokens
III.1.10 Exceptions thrown

III.2 Prefixes to instructions

III.2.1 constrained. – (prefix) invoke a member on a value of a variable type
III.2.2 no. – (prefix) possibly skip a fault check
III.2.3 readonly. (prefix) – following instruction returns a controlled-mutability managed pointer
III.2.4 tail. (prefix) – call terminates current method
III.2.5 unaligned. (prefix) – pointer instruction might be unaligned
III.2.6 volatile. (prefix) – pointer reference is volatile

III.3 Base instructions

III.3.1 add – add numeric values
III.3.2 add.ovf.<signed> – add integer values with overflow check
III.3.3 and – bitwise AND
III.3.4 arglist – get argument list
III.3.5 beq.<length> – branch on equal
III.3.6 bge.<length> – branch on greater than or equal to
III.3.7 bge.un.<length> – branch on greater than or equal to, unsigned or unordered
III.3.8 bgt.<length> – branch on greater than
III.3.9 bgt.un.<length> – branch on greater than, unsigned or unordered
III.3.10 ble.<length> – branch on less than or equal to
III.3.11 ble.un.<length> – branch on less than or equal to, unsigned or unordered
III.3.12 blt.<length> – branch on less than
III.3.13 blt.un.<length> – branch on less than, unsigned or unordered
III.3.14 bne.un.<length> – branch on not equal or unordered
III.3.15 br.<length> – unconditional branch
III.3.16 break – breakpoint instruction
III.3.17 brfalse.<length> – branch on false, null, or zero
III.3.18 brtrue.<length> – branch on non-false or non-null
III.3.19 call – call a method
III.3.20 calli – indirect method call
III.3.21 ceq – compare equal
III.3.22 cgt – compare greater than
III.3.23 cgt.un – compare greater than, unsigned or unordered
III.3.24 ckfinite – check for a finite real number
III.3.25 clt – compare less than
III.3.26 clt.un – compare less than, unsigned or unordered
III.3.27 conv.<to type> – data conversion
III.3.28 conv.ovf.<to type> – data conversion with overflow detection
III.3.29 conv.ovf.<to type>.un – unsigned data conversion with overflow detection
III.3.30 cpblk – copy data from memory to memory
III.3.31 div – divide values
III.3.32 div.un – divide integer values, unsigned
III.3.33 dup – duplicate the top value of the stack
III.3.34 endfilter – end exception handling filter clause
III.3.35 endfinally – end the finally or fault clause of an exception block
III.3.36 initblk – initialize a block of memory to a value
III.3.37 jmp – jump to method
III.3.38 ldarg.<length> – load argument onto the stack
III.3.39 ldarga.<length> – load an argument address
III.3.40 ldc.<type> – load numeric constant
III.3.41 ldftn – load method pointer
III.3.42 ldind.<type> – load value indirect onto the stack
III.3.43 ldloc – load local variable onto the stack
III.3.44 ldloca.<length> – load local variable address
III.3.45 ldnull – load a null pointer
III.3.46 leave.<length> – exit a protected region of code
III.3.47 localloc – allocate space in the local dynamic memory pool
III.3.48 mul – multiply values
III.3.49 mul.ovf.<type> – multiply integer values with overflow check
III.3.50 neg – negate
III.3.51 nop – no operation
III.3.52 not – bitwise complement
III.3.53 or – bitwise OR
III.3.54 pop – remove the top element of the stack
III.3.55 rem – compute remainder
III.3.56 rem.un – compute integer remainder, unsigned
III.3.57 ret – return from method
III.3.58 shl – shift integer left
III.3.59 shr – shift integer right
III.3.60 shr.un – shift integer right, unsigned
III.3.61 starg.<length> – store a value in an argument slot
III.3.62 stind.<type> – store value indirect from stack
III.3.63 stloc – pop value from stack to local variable
III.3.64 sub – subtract numeric values
III.3.65 sub.ovf.<type> – subtract integer values, checking for overflow
III.3.66 switch – table switch based on value
III.3.67 xor – bitwise XOR