Big Transfer (BiT): General Visual Representation Learning

by Alexander Kolesnikov, Lucas Beyer, Xiaohua Zhai, Joan Puigcerver, Jessica Yung, Sylvain Gelly, Neil Houlsby

Update 18/06/2021: We release new high performing BiT-R50x1 models, which were distilled from BiT-M-R152x2, see this section. More details in our paper "Knowledge distillation: A good teacher is patient and consistent".

Update 08/02/2021: We also release ALL BiT-M models fine-tuned on ALL 19 VTAB-1k datasets, see below.

Introduction

In this repository we release multiple models from the Big Transfer (BiT): General Visual Representation Learning paper that were pre-trained on the ILSVRC-2012 and ImageNet-21k datasets. We provide the code to fine-tuning the released models in the major deep learning frameworks TensorFlow 2, PyTorch and Jax/Flax.

We hope that the computer vision community will benefit by employing more powerful ImageNet-21k pretrained models as opposed to conventional models pre-trained on the ILSVRC-2012 dataset.

We also provide colabs for a more exploratory interactive use: a TensorFlow 2 colab, a PyTorch colab, and a Jax colab.

Installation

Make sure you have Python>=3.6 installed on your machine.

To setup Tensorflow 2, PyTorch or Jax, follow the instructions provided in the corresponding repository linked here.

In addition, install python dependencies by running (please select tf2, pytorch or jax in the command below):

pip install -r bit_{tf2|pytorch|jax}/requirements.txt

How to fine-tune BiT

First, download the BiT model. We provide models pre-trained on ILSVRC-2012 (BiT-S) or ImageNet-21k (BiT-M) for 5 different architectures: ResNet-50x1, ResNet-101x1, ResNet-50x3, ResNet-101x3, and ResNet-152x4.

For example, if you would like to download the ResNet-50x1 pre-trained on ImageNet-21k, run the following command:

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/bit_models/BiT-M-R50x1.{npz|h5}

Other models can be downloaded accordingly by plugging the name of the model (BiT-S or BiT-M) and architecture in the above command. Note that we provide models in two formats: npz (for PyTorch and Jax) and h5 (for TF2). By default we expect that model weights are stored in the root folder of this repository.

Then, you can run fine-tuning of the downloaded model on your dataset of interest in any of the three frameworks. All frameworks share the command line interface

python3 -m bit_{pytorch|jax|tf2}.train --name cifar10_`date +%F_%H%M%S` --model BiT-M-R50x1 --logdir /tmp/bit_logs --dataset cifar10

Currently. all frameworks will automatically download CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets. Other public or custom datasets can be easily integrated: in TF2 and JAX we rely on the extensible tensorflow datasets library. In PyTorch, we use torchvision’s data input pipeline.

Note that our code uses all available GPUs for fine-tuning.

We also support training in the low-data regime: the --examples_per_class <K> option will randomly draw K samples per class for training.

To see a detailed list of all available flags, run python3 -m bit_{pytorch|jax|tf2}.train --help.

BiT-M models fine-tuned on ILSVRC-2012

For convenience, we provide BiT-M models that were already fine-tuned on the ILSVRC-2012 dataset. The models can be downloaded by adding the -ILSVRC2012 postfix, e.g.

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/bit_models/BiT-M-R50x1-ILSVRC2012.npz

Available architectures

We release all architectures mentioned in the paper, such that you may choose between accuracy or speed: R50x1, R101x1, R50x3, R101x3, R152x4. In the above path to the model file, simply replace R50x1 by your architecture of choice.

We further investigated more architectures after the paper's publication and found R152x2 to have a nice trade-off between speed and accuracy, hence we also include this in the release and provide a few numbers below.

BiT-M models fine-tuned on the 19 VTAB-1k tasks

We also release the fine-tuned models for each of the 19 tasks included in the VTAB-1k benchmark. We ran each model three times and release each of these runs. This means we release a total of 5x19x3=285 models, and hope these can be useful in further analysis of transfer learning.

The files can be downloaded via the following pattern:

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/bit_models/vtab/BiT-M-{R50x1,R101x1,R50x3,R101x3,R152x4}-run{0,1,2}-{caltech101,diabetic_retinopathy,dtd,oxford_flowers102,oxford_iiit_pet,resisc45,sun397,cifar100,eurosat,patch_camelyon,smallnorb-elevation,svhn,dsprites-orientation,smallnorb-azimuth,clevr-distance,clevr-count,dmlab,kitti-distance,dsprites-xpos}.npz

We did not convert these models to TF2 (hence there is no corresponding .h5 file), however, we also uploaded TFHub models which can be used in TF1 and TF2. An example sequence of commands for downloading one such model is:

mkdir BiT-M-R50x1-run0-caltech101.tfhub && cd BiT-M-R50x1-run0-caltech101.tfhub
wget https://storage.googleapis.com/bit_models/vtab/BiT-M-R50x1-run0-caltech101.tfhub/{saved_model.pb,tfhub_module.pb}
mkdir variables && cd variables
wget https://storage.googleapis.com/bit_models/vtab/BiT-M-R50x1-run0-caltech101.tfhub/variables/variables.{data@1,index}

Hyper-parameters

For reproducibility, our training script uses hyper-parameters (BiT-HyperRule) that were used in the original paper. Note, however, that BiT models were trained and finetuned using Cloud TPU hardware, so for a typical GPU setup our default hyper-parameters could require too much memory or result in a very slow progress. Moreover, BiT-HyperRule is designed to generalize across many datasets, so it is typically possible to devise more efficient application-specific hyper-parameters. Thus, we encourage the user to try more light-weight settings, as they require much less resources and often result in a similar accuracy.

For example, we tested our code using a 8xV100 GPU machine on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, while reducing batch size from 512 to 128 and learning rate from 0.003 to 0.001. This setup resulted in nearly identical performance (see Expected results below) in comparison to BiT-HyperRule, despite being less computationally demanding.

Below, we provide more suggestions on how to optimize our paper's setup.

Tips for optimizing memory or speed

The default BiT-HyperRule was developed on Cloud TPUs and is quite memory-hungry. This is mainly due to the large batch-size (512) and image resolution (up to 480x480). Here are some tips if you are running out of memory:

1. In bit_hyperrule.py we specify the input resolution. By reducing it, one can save a lot of memory and compute, at the expense of accuracy.
2. The batch-size can be reduced in order to reduce memory consumption. However, one then also needs to play with learning-rate and schedule (steps) in order to maintain the desired accuracy.
3. The PyTorch codebase supports a batch-splitting technique ("micro-batching") via --batch_split option. For example, running the fine-tuning with --batch_split 8 reduces memory requirement by a factor of 8.

Expected results

We verified that when using the BiT-HyperRule, the code in this repository reproduces the paper's results.

CIFAR results (few-shot and full)

For these common benchmarks, the aforementioned changes to the BiT-HyperRule (--batch 128 --base_lr 0.001) lead to the following, very similar results. The table shows the min←median→max result of at least five runs. NOTE: This is not a comparison of frameworks, just evidence that all code-bases can be trusted to reproduce results.

BiT-M-R101x3

Dataset	Ex/cls	TF2	Jax	PyTorch
CIFAR10	1	52.5 ← 55.8 → 60.2	48.7 ← 53.9 → 65.0	56.4 ← 56.7 → 73.1
CIFAR10	5	85.3 ← 87.2 → 89.1	80.2 ← 85.8 → 88.6	84.8 ← 85.8 → 89.6
CIFAR10	full	98.5	98.4	98.5 ← 98.6 → 98.6
CIFAR100	1	34.8 ← 35.7 → 37.9	32.1 ← 35.0 → 37.1	31.6 ← 33.8 → 36.9
CIFAR100	5	68.8 ← 70.4 → 71.4	68.6 ← 70.8 → 71.6	70.6 ← 71.6 → 71.7
CIFAR100	full	90.8	91.2	91.1 ← 91.2 → 91.4

BiT-M-R152x2

Dataset	Ex/cls	Jax	PyTorch
CIFAR10	1	44.0 ← 56.7 → 65.0	50.9 ← 55.5 → 59.5
CIFAR10	5	85.3 ← 87.0 → 88.2	85.3 ← 85.8 → 88.6
CIFAR10	full	98.5	98.5 ← 98.5 → 98.6
CIFAR100	1	36.4 ← 37.2 → 38.9	34.3 ← 36.8 → 39.0
CIFAR100	5	69.3 ← 70.5 → 72.0	70.3 ← 72.0 → 72.3
CIFAR100	full	91.2	91.2 ← 91.3 → 91.4

(TF2 models not yet available.)

BiT-M-R50x1

Dataset	Ex/cls	TF2	Jax	PyTorch
CIFAR10	1	49.9 ← 54.4 → 60.2	48.4 ← 54.1 → 66.1	45.8 ← 57.9 → 65.7
CIFAR10	5	80.8 ← 83.3 → 85.5	76.7 ← 82.4 → 85.4	80.3 ← 82.3 → 84.9
CIFAR10	full	97.2	97.3	97.4
CIFAR100	1	35.3 ← 37.1 → 38.2	32.0 ← 35.2 → 37.8	34.6 ← 35.2 → 38.6
CIFAR100	5	63.8 ← 65.0 → 66.5	63.4 ← 64.8 → 66.5	64.7 ← 65.5 → 66.0
CIFAR100	full	86.5	86.4	86.6

ImageNet results

These results were obtained using BiT-HyperRule. However, because this results in large batch-size and large resolution, memory can be an issue. The PyTorch code supports batch-splitting, and hence we can still run things there without resorting to Cloud TPUs by adding the --batch_split N command where N is a power of two. For instance, the following command produces a validation accuracy of 80.68 on a machine with 8 V100 GPUs:

python3 -m bit_pytorch.train --name ilsvrc_`date +%F_%H%M%S` --model BiT-M-R50x1 --logdir /tmp/bit_logs --dataset imagenet2012 --batch_split 4

Further increase to --batch_split 8 when running with 4 V100 GPUs, etc.

Full results achieved that way in some test runs were:

Ex/cls	R50x1	R152x2	R101x3
1	18.36	24.5	25.55
5	50.64	64.5	64.18
full	80.68	85.15	WIP

VTAB-1k results

These are re-runs and not the exact paper models. The expected VTAB scores for two of the models are:

Model	Full	Natural	Structured	Specialized
BiT-M-R152x4	73.51	80.77	61.08	85.67
BiT-M-R101x3	72.65	80.29	59.40	85.75

Out of context dataset

In Appendix G of our paper, we investigate whether BiT improves out-of-context robustness. To do this, we created a dataset comprising foreground objects corresponding to 21 ILSVRC-2012 classes pasted onto 41 miscellaneous backgrounds.

To download the dataset, run

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/bit-out-of-context-dataset/bit_out_of_context_dataset.zip

Images from each of the 21 classes are kept in a directory with the name of the class.

Distilled models

We release top-performing compressed BiT models from our paper "Knowledge distillation: A good teacher is patient and consistent" on knoweldge distillation. In particular, we distill the BiT-M-R152x2 model (which was pre-trained on ImageNet-21k) to BiT-R50x1 models. As a result, we obtain compact models with very competitive performance.

Model	Download link	Resolution	ImageNet top-1 acc. (paper)
BiT-R50x1	link	224	82.8
BiT-R50x1	link	160	80.5

For reproducibility, we also release weights of two BiT-M-R152x2 teacher models: pretrained at resolution 224 and resolution 384. See the paper for details on how these teachers were used.

Distillation code

We have no concrete plans for publishing the distillation code, as the recipe is simple and we imagine most people would integrate it in their existing training code. However, Sayak Paul has independently re-implemented the distillation setup in TensorFlow and nearly reproduced our results in several settings.