Welcome! typeshed is a community project that aims to work for a wide range of Python users and Python codebases. If you're trying a type checker on your Python code, your experience and what you can contribute are important to the project's success.
- Prepare your environment.
- Find out where to make your changes.
- Prepare your changes:
- Small fixes and additions can be submitted directly as pull requests, but contact us before starting significant work.
- Create your stubs, considering what to include and conforming to the coding style.
- Optionally format and check your stubs.
- Optionally run the tests.
- Submit your changes by opening a pull request.
You can expect a reply within a few days, but please be patient when it takes a bit longer. For more details, read below.
Typeshed runs continuous integration (CI) on all pull requests. This means that
if you file a pull request (PR), our full test suite -- including our linter,
flake8
-- is run on your PR. It also means that bots will automatically apply
changes to your PR (using black
and isort
) to fix any formatting issues.
This frees you up to ignore all local setup on your side, focus on the
code and rely on the CI to fix everything, or point you to the places that
need fixing.
If you prefer to run the tests & formatting locally, it's possible too. Follow platform-specific instructions below. For more information about our available tests, see tests/README.md.
Whichever platform you're using, you will need a virtual environment. If you're not familiar with what it is and how it works, please refer to this documentation.
On Linux and Mac OS, you will be able to run the full test suite on Python 3.8, 3.9 or 3.10. To install the necessary requirements, run the following commands from a terminal window:
$ python3 -m venv .venv
$ source .venv/bin/activate
(.venv)$ pip install -U pip
(.venv)$ pip install -r requirements-tests.txt
If you are using a Windows operating system, you will not be able to run the pytype tests, as pytype does not currently support running on Windows. One option is to install Windows Subsystem for Linux, which will allow you to run the full suite of tests. If you choose to install WSL, follow the Linux/Mac OS instructions above.
If you do not wish to install WSL, run the following commands from a Windows terminal to install all non-pytype requirements:
> python -m venv .venv
> ".venv/scripts/activate"
(.venv) > pip install -U pip
(.venv) > pip install -r requirements-tests.txt
Several tests also have termcolor
as an optional dependency. Installing this
is not essential to run the tests, but can make the output of some of the tests
slightly prettier and easier to read. To install termcolor
, run:
pip install termcolor
The code is formatted using black
and isort
.
The repository is equipped with a pre-commit.ci
configuration file. This means that you don't need to do anything yourself to
run the code formatters. When you push a commit, a bot will run those for you
right away and add a commit to your PR.
That being said, if you want to run the checks locally when you commit,
you're free to do so. Either run black
and isort
manually...
isort .
black .
...Or install the pre-commit hooks: please refer to the pre-commit documentation.
Our code is also linted using flake8
, with plugins flake8-pyi
and flake8-bugbear
. As with our other checks, running
flake8 before filing a PR is not required. However, if you wish to run flake8
locally, install the test dependencies as outlined above, and then run:
flake8 .
The stdlib
directory contains stubs for modules in the
Python 3 standard library — which
includes pure Python modules, dynamically loaded extension modules,
hard-linked extension modules, and the builtins. The VERSIONS
file lists
the versions of Python where the module is available.
Stubs for Python 2 are available in the stdlib/@python2
subdirectory.
Modules that are only available for Python 2 are not listed in VERSIONS
.
We accept stubs for third-party packages into typeshed as long as:
- the package is publicly available on the Python Package Index;
- the package supports any Python version supported by typeshed; and
- the package does not ship with its own stubs or type annotations.
The fastest way to generate new stubs is to use scripts/create_baseline_stubs.py
(see below).
Stubs for third-party packages
go into stubs
. Each subdirectory there represents a PyPI distribution, and
contains the following:
METADATA.toml
, describing the package. See below for details.- Stubs (i.e.
*.pyi
files) for packages and modules that are shipped in the source distribution. - (Rarely) some docs specific to a given type stub package in
README
file.
When a third party stub is added or
modified, an updated version of the corresponding distribution will be
automatically uploaded to PyPI within a few hours.
Each time this happens the least significant
version level is incremented. For example, if stubs/foo/METADATA.toml
has
version = "x.y"
the package on PyPI will be updated from types-foo-x.y.n
to types-foo-x.y.n+1
.
Note: In its current implementation, typeshed cannot contain stubs for multiple versions of the same third-party library. Prefer to generate stubs for the latest version released on PyPI at the time of your stubbing.
The metadata file describes the stubs package using the TOML file format. Currently, the following keys are supported:
version
: The versions of the library that the stubs support. Two formats are supported:- A concrete version. This is especially suited for libraries that use Calendar Versioning.
- A version range ending in
.*
. This is suited for libraries that reflect API changes in the version number only, where the API-independent part is represented by the asterisk. In the case of Semantic Versioning, this version could look like this:2.7.*
. When the stubs are updated to a newer version of the library, the version of the stub should be bumped (note that previous versions are still available on PyPI).
requires
(optional): A list of other stub packages or packages with type information that are imported by the stubs in this package. Only packages generated by typeshed or required by the upstream package are allowed to be listed here, for security reasons.extra_description
(optional): Can be used to add a custom description to the package's long description. It should be a multi-line string in Markdown format.obsolete_since
(optional): This field is part of our process for removing obsolete third-party libraries. It contains the first version of the corresponding library that ships its ownpy.typed
file.no_longer_updated
(optional): This field is set totrue
before removing stubs for other reasons than the upstream library shipping with type information.stubtest
(default:true
): Whether stubtest should be run against this package. Please avoid setting this tofalse
, and add a comment if you have to.stubtest_apt_dependencies
(default:[]
): A list of Ubuntu APT packages that need to be installed for stubtest to run successfully. These are usually packages needed to pip install the implementation distribution.
The format of all METADATA.toml
files can be checked by running
python3 ./tests/check_consistent.py
.
If your change will be a significant amount of work to write, we highly recommend starting by opening an issue laying out what you want to do. That lets a conversation happen early in case other contributors disagree with what you'd like to do or have ideas that will help you do it.
Each Python module is represented by a .pyi
"stub file". This is a
syntactically valid Python file, although it usually cannot be run by
Python 3 (since forward references don't require string quotes). All
the methods are empty.
Python function annotations (PEP 3107) are used to describe the signature of each function or method.
See PEP 484 for the exact syntax of the stub files and below for the coding style used in typeshed.
Typeshed includes scripts/create_baseline_stubs.py
.
It generates stubs automatically using a tool called
stubgen that comes with mypy.
To get started, fork typeshed, clone your fork, and then
create a virtualenv.
You can then install the library with pip
into the virtualenv and run the script,
replacing libraryname
with the name of the library below:
(.venv3)$ pip install libraryname
(.venv3)$ python3 scripts/create_baseline_stubs.py libraryname
When the script has finished running, it will print instructions telling you what to do next.
If it has been a while since you set up the virtualenv, make sure you have
the latest mypy (pip install -r requirements-tests.txt
) before running the script.
Since PEP 484 was accepted, there have been many other PEPs that added new features to the Python type system. In general, new features can be used in typeshed as soon as the PEP has been accepted and implemented and most type checkers support the new feature.
Accepted features that cannot yet be used in typeshed include:
- PEP 570 (positional-only
arguments): see #4972,
use argument names prefixed with
__
instead - PEP 613 (TypeAlias): see #4913
The following features are partially supported:
- PEP 585 (builtin generics): see #4820, mostly supported but bugs remain for a few specific cases
- PEP 612 (ParamSpec):
see #4827,
supported in some contexts but requires
# type: ignore
comments
Supported features include:
- PEP 544 (Protocol)
- PEP 586 (Literal)
- PEP 591 (Final/@final)
- PEP 589 (TypedDict)
- PEP 604 (
Foo | Bar
union syntax) - PEP 647 (TypeGuard): see #5406
Features from the typing
module that are not present in all
supported Python 3 versions must be imported from typing_extensions
instead in typeshed stubs. This currently affects:
Final
and@final
(new in Python 3.8)Literal
(new in Python 3.8)SupportsIndex
(new in Python 3.8)TypedDict
(new in Python 3.8)Concatenate
(new in Python 3.10)ParamSpec
(new in Python 3.10)TypeGuard
(new in Python 3.10)
Two exceptions are Protocol
and runtime_checkable
: although
these were added in Python 3.8, they can be used in stubs regardless
of Python version.
Stubs should include the complete interface (classes, functions, constants, etc.) of the module they cover, but it is not always clear exactly what is part of the interface.
The following should always be included:
- All objects listed in the module's documentation.
- All objects included in
__all__
(if present).
Other objects may be included if they are being used in practice
or if they are not prefixed with an underscore. This means
that typeshed will generally accept contributions that add missing
objects, even if they are undocumented. Undocumented objects should
be marked with a comment of the form # undocumented
.
Example:
def list2cmdline(seq: Sequence[str]) -> str: ... # undocumented
We accept such undocumented objects because omitting objects can confuse users. Users who see an error like "module X has no attribute Y" will not know whether the error appeared because their code had a bug or because the stub is wrong. Although it may also be helpful for a type checker to point out usage of private objects, we usually prefer false negatives (no errors for wrong code) over false positives (type errors for correct code). In addition, even for private objects a type checker can be helpful in pointing out that an incorrect type was used.
Type stubs are meant to be external type annotations for a given library. While they are useful documentation in its own merit, they augment the project's concrete implementation, not the project's documentation. Whenever you find them disagreeing, model the type information after the actual implementation and file an issue on the project's tracker to fix their documentation.
You can use checks
like if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
to denote new functionality introduced
in a given Python version or solve type differences. When doing so, only use
one-tuples or two-tuples. Because of this, if a given functionality was
introduced in, say, Python 3.7.4, your check:
- should be expressed as
if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
- should NOT be expressed as
if sys.version_info >= (3, 7, 4):
- should NOT be expressed as
if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
When your stub contains if statements for different Python versions, always put the code for the most recent Python version first.
We accept partial stubs, especially for larger packages. These need to follow the following guidelines:
- Included functions and methods must list all arguments, but the arguments
can be left unannotated. Do not use
Any
to mark unannotated arguments or return values. - Partial classes must include a
__getattr__()
method marked with an# incomplete
comment (see example below). - Partial modules (i.e. modules that are missing some or all classes,
functions, or attributes) must include a top-level
__getattr__()
function marked with an# incomplete
comment (see example below). - Partial packages (i.e. packages that are missing one or more sub-modules)
must have a
__init__.pyi
stub that is marked as incomplete (see above). A better alternative is to create empty stubs for all sub-modules and mark them as incomplete individually.
Example of a partial module with a partial class Foo
and a partially
annotated function bar()
:
def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ... # incomplete
class Foo:
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any: ... # incomplete
x: int
y: str
def bar(x: str, y, *, z=...): ...
The below is an excerpt from the types for the datetime
module.
MAXYEAR: int
MINYEAR: int
class date:
def __new__(cls: Type[_S], year: int, month: int, day: int) -> _S: ...
@classmethod
def fromtimestamp(cls: Type[_S], __timestamp: float) -> _S: ...
@classmethod
def today(cls: Type[_S]) -> _S: ...
@classmethod
def fromordinal(cls: Type[_S], __n: int) -> _S: ...
@property
def year(self) -> int: ...
def replace(self, year: int = ..., month: int = ..., day: int = ...) -> date: ...
def ctime(self) -> str: ...
def weekday(self) -> int: ...
Stub files are like Python files and you should generally expect them to look the same. Your tools should be able to successfully treat them as regular Python files. However, there are a few important differences you should know about.
Style conventions for stub files are different from PEP 8. The general rule is that they should be as concise as possible. Specifically:
- all function bodies should be empty;
- prefer
...
overpass
; - prefer
...
on the same line as the class/function signature; - avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions, names, or methods and fields within a single class;
- use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none if the classes are very small;
- do not use docstrings;
- use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that target older versions of Python.
Stub files should only contain information necessary for the type checker, and leave out unnecessary detail:
- for arguments with a default, use
...
instead of the actual default; - for arguments that default to
None
, useFoo | None
explicitly (see below for details); - use
float
instead ofint | float
.
Some further tips for good type hints:
- use built-in generics (
list
,dict
,tuple
,set
), instead of importing them fromtyping
, except in type aliases, in base classes, and for arbitrary length tuples (Tuple[int, ...]
); - use
X | Y
instead ofUnion[X, Y]
andX | None
, instead ofOptional[X]
, except when it is not possible due to mypy bugs (type aliases and base classes); - in Python 3 stubs, import collections (
Mapping
,Iterable
, etc.) fromcollections.abc
instead oftyping
; - avoid invariant collection types (
list
,dict
) in argument positions, in favor of covariant types likeMapping
orSequence
; - avoid union return types: python/mypy#1693;
- in Python 2, whenever possible, use
unicode
if that's the only possible type, andText
if it can be eitherunicode
orbytes
; - use platform checks like
if sys.platform == 'win32'
to denote platform-dependent APIs; - use mypy error codes for mypy-specific
# type: ignore
annotations, e.g.# type: ignore[override]
for Liskov Substitution Principle violations.
Imports in stubs are considered private (not part of the exported API) unless:
- they use the form
from library import name as name
(sic, using explicitas
even if the name stays the same); or - they use the form
from library import *
which means all names from that library are exported.
When adding type hints, avoid using the Any
type when possible. Reserve
the use of Any
for when:
- the correct type cannot be expressed in the current type system; and
- to avoid union returns (see above).
Note that Any
is not the correct type to use if you want to indicate
that some function can accept literally anything: in those cases use
object
instead.
Stub files support forward references natively. In other words, the order of class declarations and type aliases does not matter in a stub file. You can also use the name of the class within its own body. Focus on making your stubs clear to the reader. Avoid using string literals in type annotations.
Type variables and aliases you introduce purely for legibility reasons should be prefixed with an underscore to make it obvious to the reader they are not part of the stubbed API.
When adding type annotations for context manager classes, annotate
the return type of __exit__
as bool only if the context manager
sometimes suppresses exceptions -- if it sometimes returns True
at runtime. If the context manager never suppresses exceptions,
have the return type be either None
or bool | None
. If you
are not sure whether exceptions are suppressed or not or if the
context manager is meant to be subclassed, pick bool | None
.
See python/mypy#7214 for more details.
__enter__
methods and other methods that return instances of the
current class should be annotated with the _typeshed.Self
type
variable (example).
A few guidelines for protocol names below. In cases that don't fall into any of those categories, use your best judgement.
- Use plain names for protocols that represent a clear concept
(e.g.
Iterator
,Container
). - Use
SupportsX
for protocols that provide callable methods (e.g.SupportsInt
,SupportsRead
,SupportsReadSeek
). - Use
HasX
for protocols that have readable and/or writable attributes or getter/setter methods (e.g.HasItems
,HasFileno
).
Even more excellent than a good bug report is a fix for a bug, or the implementation of a much-needed stub. We'd love to have your contributions.
We use the usual GitHub pull-request flow, which may be familiar to you if you've contributed to other projects on GitHub. For the mechanics, see Mypy's git and GitHub workflow help page, or GitHub's own documentation.
Anyone interested in type stubs may review your code. One of the maintainers will merge your pull request when they think it's ready. For every pull request, we aim to promptly either merge it or say why it's not yet ready; if you go a few days without a reply, please feel free to ping the thread by adding a new comment.
To get your pull request merged sooner, you should explain why you are making the change. For example, you can point to a code sample that is processed incorrectly by a type checker. It is also helpful to add links to online documentation or to the implementation of the code you are changing.
Also, do not squash your commits or use git commit --amend
after you have submitted a pull request, as this
erases context during review. We will squash commits when the pull request is merged.
This way, your pull request will appear as a single commit in our git history, even
if it consisted of several smaller commits.
Third-party stubs are generally removed from typeshed when one of the following criteria is met:
- The upstream package ships a
py.typed
file for at least six months, or - the package does not support any of the Python versions supported by typeshed.
If a package ships its own py.typed
file, please follow these steps:
- Open an issue with the earliest month of removal in the subject.
- A maintainer will add the "removal" label.
- Open a PR that sets the
obsolete_since
field in theMETADATA.toml
file to the first version of the package that shippedpy.typed
. - After at least six months, open a PR to remove the stubs.
If third-party stubs should be removed for other reasons, please follow these steps:
- Open an issue explaining why the stubs should be removed.
- A maintainer will add the "removal" label.
- Open a PR that sets the
no_longer_updated
field in theMETADATA.toml
file totrue
. - When a new version of the package was automatically uploaded to PyPI (which usually takes up to 3 hours), open a PR to remove the stubs.
The process for preparing and submitting changes also applies to maintainers. This ensures high quality contributions and keeps everybody on the same page. Avoid direct pushes to the repository.
When reviewing pull requests, follow these guidelines:
- Typing is hard. Try to be helpful and explain issues with the PR, especially to new contributors.
- When reviewing auto-generated stubs, just scan for red flags and obvious errors. Leave possible manual improvements for separate PRs.
- When reviewing large, hand-crafted PRs, you only need to look for red flags and general issues, and do a few spot checks.
- Review smaller, hand-crafted PRs thoroughly.
When merging pull requests, follow these guidelines:
- Always wait for tests to pass before merging PRs.
- Use "Squash and merge" to merge PRs.
- Make sure the commit message is meaningful. For example, remove irrelevant intermediate commit messages.
- The commit message for third-party stubs is used to generate the changelog. It should be valid Markdown, be comprehensive, read like a changelog entry, and assume that the reader has no access to the diff.
- Delete branches for merged PRs (by maintainers pushing to the main repo).